We then introduce a novel spatial filtering approach that can reliably separate subject-specific spindle activity into slow and fast components that are stable across nights and across N2 and N3 sleep. Using two nights of high-density electroencephalography recordings from 28 healthy individuals, we first characterize the individual variability of NREM spectra and demonstrate the difficulty of determining subject-specific spindle frequencies. In humans, spindles can be classified as either slow or fast, but large individual differences in spindle frequency as well as methodological difficulties have hindered progress towards understanding their function. Sleep spindles are transient oscillatory waveforms that occur during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep across widespread cortical areas. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States 3Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States.2Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.1Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
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